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1909 Greater Antilles hurricane
The 1909 Greater Antilles hurricane was a rare, late-season tropical cyclone that caused extensive damage and loss of life in Jamaica and Haiti. Forming out of a large disturbance in early November, the hurricane began as a minimal tropical storm over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 8. Slowly tracking northwestward, the system gradually intensified. Late on November 11, the storm brushed the eastern tip of Jamaica before attaining hurricane status. The following afternoon, the storm made landfall in northwest Haiti with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). After moving over the Atlantic Ocean, the hurricane further intensified and attained its peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on November 13. The system rapidly transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the following day before being absorbed by a frontal system northeast of the Lesser Antilles.
Including rainfall from the precursor to the hurricane, rainfall in Jamaica peaked at Silver Hill Plantation. These extreme rains led to widespread flooding that killed 30 people and left $7 million in damage throughout the country. The worst damage in Haiti was caused rains exceeding that led to catastrophic flooding. At least 166 people are known to have been killed in the country; however, reports indicate that hundreds likely died during the storm.
==Meteorological history==
The origins of the 1909 Greater Antilles hurricane are unclear, but are believed to have begun with a large, slow-moving storm system near Jamaica in early November.〔 By November 8, it was classified as a tropical storm and was situated over the southwestern Caribbean Sea, north of Panama. A ship in the vicinity of the system recorded an atmospheric pressure of 1004 mbar (hPa; 29.68 inHg).〔Partagás, pp. 19〕 Slowly moving northeastward, an unusual direction for a Caribbean cyclone, the storm gradually intensified. The forward motion of the system steadily increased on November 10 as it headed towards Jamaica. Late on November 11, the system brushed the eastern tip of Jamaica as a strong tropical storm, with maximum winds estimated at 70 mph (120 km/h). Several hours later, the storm intensified into what would now be classified a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.〔 During the afternoon of November 12, the hurricane made landfall in northern Haiti, in the Nord-Ouest Department, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). After briefly moving over land, the storm entered the Atlantic Ocean and turned east-northeast and further accelerated.〔
Early on November 13, the hurricane further intensified to the equivalent of a Category 2 system and attained peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h).〔 No barometric pressure was recorded at the time of peak intensity since it occurred over water and away from any ships.〔 In an initial analysis of the storm made by meteorologist José Fernández Partagás in 1999, he wrote that at the storm's peak, it was a strong tropical storm, not a hurricane. In a report, it was stated that "It was a difficult case for the author () to decide whether or not to upgrade to a hurricane".〔Partagás, pp. 21〕 It was not until the Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis reached 1909 in February 2004 that the storm was designated as a hurricane.〔 By November 14, the storm began to weaken as it turned nearly due east.〔 Later that day, it quickly transitioned into an extratropical cyclone before being absorbed by a frontal system northeast of the Lesser Antilles.〔Partagás, pp. 20〕〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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